Unfinished and probably full of errors.
7 Application HTTP
6 Presentation SSL/TLS
5 Session RPC/Portmapper, NVT
4 Transport TCP, UDP, SPX
3 Network IP, ICMP, ARP, HDLC, IPX
Logical Link 802.2 LLC
2 Data Link MAC, Ethernet, Token Ring, ATM, FDDI
1 Physical SDH, SONET
Copper, Fibre and Repeaters etc
E `Euro' (2.0Mb base)
J `Japan' (1.5Mb base)
T `Trunk' (1.5Mb base)
DS Digital Signal (1.5Mb base)
OC Optical Carrier (51Mb base)
STM Synchronous Transport Mode (51Mb base)
STS Synchronous Transport Signal (155Mb base)
STS c Synchronous Transport Signal Concatenated
DS0 x 32 = E1 x 4 = E2 x 4 = E3 x 4 = E4 x 4 = E5
64 2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 564.992
DS0 x 24 = T1 x 2 = T1c x 2 = T2 x 7 = T3 x 6 = T4
64 1.544 3.152 6.312 44.736 274.176
DS0 x 24 = J1 x 4 = J2 x 5 = J3 x 3 = J4 x 4 = J5
64 1.544 6.312 32.064 97.728 397.200
DS0 56kb (in-band signalling)
DS0 64kb (out-of-band signalling)
ISDN-B 64kb (out-of-band signalling)
ISDN-BRI 144kb
ISDN-H0 384kb
ISDN-PRI 1.536Mb (192bits @ 8kHz)
T1 1.544Mb
DS1 1.544Mb (24xDS0 + 8kb framing)
E1 2.048Mb 2.048 (32xDS0)
Ethernet 3Mb 2.940? (AUI/DIX)
DS1c 3.1Mb 3.152
DS2 6.3Mb 6.312
T2 6.3Mb
E2 8Mb 8.448
Ethernet 10Mb 10.000
DS3* 32Mb 32.064 (where is this used?)
E3 34Mb 34.368
Video 34Mb (digitally-encoded 6Mhz/channel analogue television)
DS3 45Mb 44.736
T3 45Mb
OC1 51Mb 51.840
STS1 51Mb (SONET building block, )
DS4? 98Mb 97.728
J4 98 97.728
Ethernet 100Mb 100.000
FDDI 125Mb
E4 140Mb 139.264
ATM 155Mb 149.760
OC3 155Mb 155.520
STM1 155Mb (150.336Mb payload. SDH building block: 270 x 9 = 2430 octets @ 8kHz)
STS3c 155Mb
T4 274Mb 274.176
J5 397Mb 397.200
J1 1.5
J2 6.3 6.312
J3 32 32.064
E5 565Mb 565.148
ATM 622Mb 599.040
OC12 622Mb 622.080
STM4 622Mb (601.344 Mb payload)
STS12 622Mb
GigE 1Gb 1000.000 (1250.000 Carrier with 5/4 encoding)
ATM 2.4Gb 2396.160
OC48 2.552Gb 2488.320
STM16 2.522Gb (2405.376Mb payload)
STS48 2.552Gb
OC192 10Gb
| Digital Hierarchy | T1 based | E1 based | J1 based |
| 0 | 64 Kb (56Kb) | 64 Kb | 64 Kb |
| 1 | 1,544 Kb | 2,048 Kb | 1,544 Kb |
| 2 | 6,312 Kb | 8,448 Kb | 6,312 Kb |
| 3 | 44,736 Kb | 34,368 Kb | 32,064 Kb |
| 4 | 274,176 Kb | 139,264 Kb | 97,728 Kb |
| 5 | 565,148 Kb | 397,200 Kb |
E.164
International Numbering Plan for the ISDN Era (14 digits)
G.702
SDH Bit-Rates
G.703
SDH Physical Interface
G.704
SDH Structured Frame Format
G.708
STM-n Transport
G.711
PCM Voice Codeing
IEEE 802.2
LLC Logical Link Control
IEEE 802.3
CSMA/CD Ethernet
IEEE 802.5
Token Ring
IEEE 802.11
CSMA/CA Wireless Ethernet
IEEE P996.1
PC/104 Embedded Platform
ISO 9314
FDDI/CDDI
V.24
Serial Interface Characteristics
X.21
DTE<->DCE Synchronous Interface
X.25
DTE<->DCE Packet Switching over a Dedicated Circuit
2B1Q 2 Binary, 1 Quad
4B/5B 4 Bit -> 5 Bit
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
DWDM Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
FR Frame Relay
HDB3
HDLC High-level Data Link Control
HDSL High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
B Bearer Channel (64kb)
D Data Channel (16kb / 64kb)
H0 `High-bit-rate'? Channel (384kb == 6B)
H10 `High-bit-rate'? Channel (1,472kb == 23B)
H11 `High-bit-rate'? Channel (1,536kb == 24B)
(is this T1 in E1?)
H12 `High-bit-rate'? Channel (1.920kb == 30B
BRI Basic Rate Interface (2B+1D@16kb)
PRI Primary Rate Interface (23B+1D@64kb / 30B+1D@64kb)
LLC Logical Link Control (HDLC over Ethernet etc)
PDH Plesyocronous Digital Hierarchy (almost Synchronous)
PVC Permanent Virtual Connection
RAS Remote Access Server
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET Synchronous Optical NETwork
CSU Customer/Channel Service Unit
CAS Channel Associated Signalling
CCIS Common Channel Interoffice Signalling
CSS Common Channel Signalling
DTMF Discrete Tone Multi-Frequency (Dialling)
DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
MELCAS Mercury Exchange Line Channel Associated Signalling
SS7 Signalling System 7
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
BGP4 Border Gate Protocol version 4
BOOTP Boot Protocol
CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routeing
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DNS Domain Name Service
ECN Explicit Congestion Notification
GRE Generic Routeing Encapsulation
ICMP Internet Control Messaging Protocol
IGMP Internet Group Messenging Protocol
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
NVT Network Virtual Terminal
RADIUS Remote Access Dial In User Service
RIP Routeing Information Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SMTP Simple Message Transfer Protocol
TCP Transport Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
CTS Clear To Send
DTR Data Terminal Ready
EIA-232 19200,
RS-232 9600, 5volts?
HSSI High Speed Serial Interface
RS-432 2-wire?
V.24
V.35
802.11 Wireless Ethernet @ 11Mbps
AUI Attachment Unit Interface
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense, Multiple Access / Collision Detection (Ethernet)
DIX DEC Intel Xerox—the horrible slider!
FDDI Fibre Distributed Data Interconnect
GigE Gigabit Ethernet
LAN Local Area Network
MAC Media Access Control
N base M Speed (Mhz); Baseband; Physcial Media
3base2 "Experiemental" 3Mb Thick Coax with "Vampire" Taps
10base2 "Cheapnet" 50Ω RG-58? with BNC.
10base5
10baseFL
10baseT
100baseFL Dual Fibre
100baseT "Fast Ethernet" 802.3u, 4 Twisted Pairs (Cat5)
1000baseT "GigE" 4 Twisted Pairs (Cat5e)
10baseX Manchester Encoding (MPE), 20.00Mhz Carrier
100baseX 4B/5B, MLT3 and Feedback Shift Register (FSR), 125Mhz, 31.25Mhz
FDDI 4B/5B, MLT3, 125Mhz, 31.25Mhz
1000baseX Fibre Channel 8B/10B, 1.25Ghz
1000baseT PAM5, 4 pairs, 125Mhz.
TokenRing Differential Manchester Encoding (DME), 8Mhz, 32Mhz?
Bandwidth Data Payload measured in Bits per second.
/24 ?110, as in Class A,
Class B and Class C.;-) Though
these days, things tend to operate at wire-speed aswell.su - -c rm -rf ''?cp a*'' do?paul@alpha.example.com:~$ telnet beta.example.com 53 Trying 192.175.48.42... Connected to beta.example.com. Escape character is '^]'. 220 beta.example.com ESMTP Sendmail 8.11.6/8.11.6; Tue, 11 Jun 2002 21:22:36 +0100 HELO alpha.example.com 250 beta.example.com Hello paul@alpha.example.com [192.175.48.6], pleased to meet you HELP 502 5.3.0 Sendmail 8.11.6 -- HELP not implemented MAIL FROM:<paul@sladen.org> 250 2.1.0 <paul@sladen.org>... Sender ok RCPT TO:<foo@paul.sladen.org> 250 2.1.5 <foo@paul.sladen.org>... Recipient ok RCPT TO:<bar@paul.sladen.org> 250 2.1.5 <foo@paul.sladen.org>... Recipient ok DATA 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself From: A Spammer <billg@microsoft.com> Subject: Manual SMTP Groking Ha ha, I've taken over your computer!! I'm a real l33t h4x0r. . 250 2.0.0 g1ABCD234567 Message accepted for delivery QUIT 221 2.0.0 beta.example.com closing connection Connection closed by foreign host.
starsky:/home/sladen# telnet www.paul.sladen.org 80
Trying 80.1.73.116...
Connected to www.paul.sladen.org.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.0
host: www.paul.sladen.org
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Mon, 2 Apr 1984 17:02:53 PST
Server: Apache/1.3.9 (Unix) Debian/GNU PHP/4.0.3pl1
Last-Modified: Sun, 1 Apr 1984 11:02:52 PST
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 173
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>My Website</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<p>Hello World!
Ethernet Frame
+-------+------+-------+---+---+--/ /-+
|DestSAP|SrcSAP|Control|OUI|PID| Data |
+-------+------+-------+---+---+-/ /--+
1 1 1 3 2 0-1492
\ \
+------------------------------+-------/ /------+-----+
|Preample|Magic|Dest|Src|Length| Data + Padding | CRC |
+--------+-----+----+---+------+------/ /-------+-----+
7 1 6 6 2 46 - 1500 4
Interesting IPv4 address ranges
0.0.0.0/0 Unspecified / any / default route
0.0.0.0/1 Classic Class A networks (/8)
10.0.0.0/8 rfc1918 private address space
44.0.0.0/8 HAM Radio Data Communication
127.0.0.0/8 localhost
128.0.0.0/2 Classic Class B networks (/16)
169.208.0.0/12 APNIC ("Conferences and exhibitions; temporary assignments")
169.254.0.0/16 DHCP Automatic Private IP Addressing
172.16.0.0/12 rfc1918 private address space (16x /16)
192.0.0.0/3 Classic Class C networks (/24)
192.0.2.0/24 Reserved for technical documentation
192.88.99.0/24 rfc3068 6to4 anycast relay routers
192.168.0.0/16 rfc1918 private address space
198.18.0.0/15 rfc2544 benchmarking (formerly Harvard)
224.0.0.0/4 Classic Class D addresses (multicast) rfc3171
224.0.0.0/24 Broadcast-local Routeing/Discovery
224.0.0.9 RIP Routeing Information Protocol
224.0.1.1 NTP Network Time Protocol
224.0.1.24 NetBIOS/Wins Broadcast (?)
240.0.0.0/4 Classic Class E address space (experimental)
255.255.255.255 local [non-routed] broadcast
Interesting IPv6 address ranges
:: Unspecified
::1 Loopback
::192.175.48.6/96 IPv4-in-6 IPv4 only stack
::ffff:192.175.48.42/96 IPv4-in-6 IPv4/IPv6 dual stack
0400::/7 "IPX" ;-)
2001::/16 Global Unicast allocation #1!
2002::/16 6to4 prefix
3ffe::/16 6Bone (experimental) rfc2471
4000::/3 Provider Specific Unicast
8000::/3 (? intended aggregatable global unicast)
fe80::/10 rfc1884 Link Local (localhost 127/8 equivalent)
fec0::/10 rfc1884 Site Local (rfc1918 equivalent)
ff00::/8 Multicast (including `broadcast')
ff0x::43 NTP Multicast
ff0x::1 All Nodes
ff0x::2 All Routers
ff02::c DHCP Multicast
ff02:0:0:0:0:1:ff00::/104 Solicated Node Multicast
IPv6 Provisional Aggregatable Global Unicast addressing
3 bits Format Prefix
13 bits TLA
8 bits Reserved for TLA/NLA sideways expansion
24 bits NLA
16 bits SLA /48 (Site Subnets)
64 bits Interface Identifier (EUI-64)
EUI-64 / IEEE 802 MAC addresses
6 bits Company Identifier (high)
1 bit "u" Universial = 0, local = 1 (inverted for IPv6)
1 bit "g" Group = 1, Indivual = 0 (?)
16 bit Company Identifier (high)
[ 16 bits ] [ "0xff 0xfe" inserted to transform to MAC-48 -> EUI-64 ]
24 bits Vendor Allocated Device Identifier
Querying DNS Bind version
$ dig txt chaos version.bind @k.root-servers.net